vaviloviaVAVILOVIAVAVILOVIA2658-38602658-3879VIR10.30901/2658-3860-2024-3-o1vavilovia-138Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА ДЛЯ ФИЛОГЕНИИ, СИСТЕМАТИКИ И ВЫЯВЛЕНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ РАСТЕНИЙGENETICS FOR PHYLOGENY, SYSTEMATICS AND PLANT RESISTANCE DETECTIONОт Менделя и Моргана к динамическому геномуBeyond Mendel and Morgan to the dynamic genomeГолyбовскийМ. Д.GolubovskyM. D.

Михаил Давидович Голyбовский, доктор биологических наук, Санкт-Петербургский филиал Института истории естествознания и техники им. С.И. Вавилова Российской академии наук (СПбФ ИИЕТ РАН), Институт истории естествознания и техники имени С.И. Вавилова Российской академии наук (ИИЕТ РАН)

199034 Россия, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 5

Mikhail D. Golubovsky, Dr. Sci (Biol.), St. Petersburg branch of the S. I. Vavilov Institute of History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences

5, Universitetskaya embankment, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia

mdgolub@gmail.comИнститут истории естествознания и техники имени С.И. Вавилова Российской академии наук, Санкт-Петербургский филиал Института истории естествознания и техники имени С.И. Вавилова Российской академии наукРоссияS.I. Vavilov Institute of the History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg branch of the S. I. Vavilov Institute of History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202411052025733754Copyright © Голyбовский М.Д., 20242024Голyбовский М.Д.Golubovsky M.D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilovia.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/138

При переходе от классической менделевской генетики к современной мобильной, или динамической, генетике произошли концептуальные сдвиги во взглядах на организацию генома и наследственную изменчивость. В данной статье эти сдвиги детально проанализированы. Менделевская генетика в основном рассматривала геном как набор хромосом со всеми генами. Теперь семантика генома изменилась. Она охватывает всю наследственную конституцию клетки, включая структурные и динамически аспекты кодирования, хранения и передачи видоспецифичной информации. Существуют три основных типа наследственных изменений: мутации, вариации и эпигенетические альтерации. В структуре генома следует выделять две подсистемы: Облигатные генетические элементы (ОГЭ) и Факультативные элементы (ФГЭ). Изменения в структуре, числе или в порядке расположения ОГЭ соответствуют классическим мутациям. ФГЭ включают разные виды повторенной ДНК, мобильные элементы, амплифицированные сегменты, встроенную вирусную и чужеродную ДНК, В-хромосомы и цитобионты. ФГЭ преобладают в геноме многих видов растений. Различные изменения в ФГЭ разумно называть вариации. Факультативные элементы и их вариации являются первой геномной реакцией на биотические и средовые вызовы. Вместе с эпигенетическими изменениями они образуют операционную память генома. Три матричных геномных процесса – репликация, транскрипция, трансляция, и три основных генетических процесса – репарация, рекомбинация и сегрегация способны к факультативному выражению, что соответствует эволюционному принципу: единство целого при свободе частей. В этом один из главных аспектов представленной обобщенной концепции организации генома и наследственной изменчивости.

The conceptional shifts on genome organization and hereditary variability occurred during transition from classical mendelian to current mobile or dynamic genetics. The main changed premises of this transition are firstly presented in detail. Mendelian genetics mainly conceived genome as the set of chromosomes with of all genes. Now genome semantics is changed. It comprises entire hereditary constitution of the cell, including both structural and dynamic aspects of coding, storage and transfer of species-specific information. There are three kinds of heritable changes: mutations, variations and epigenetic alterations. It is reasonable to discriminate in the genome two subsystems: Obligate genetic elements (OGE) and Facultative genetic elements (FGE). FGEs comprise various kinds of repeated DNA, mobile elements, amplicons, inserted viral and foreign DNA, B-chromosomes and cytobionts. FGEs are predominant genome content of many plants. The number and cell topography of FGEs are different in different cells/tissues and most eukaryote individuals. Changes in the structure or order of OGEs correspond to classical mutations. Various changes in FGEs it is reasonable to call variations. Facultative elements and their variations are the first genomic reaction on biotic and environmental challenges. Together with epigenetic alterations they implement the operational genomic memory. Three template genome processes Replication, Transcription, Translation and three basic genetic processes – Repair, Recombination and Segregation are capable to facultative expression according to principle: the unity of the whole and freedom of the parts. This is the essence of the presented generalized concept of the genome organization and hereditary variations.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.